Portrayal of Gender Roles in Advertisement Effects on Womens Self-Esteem - Free Essay Example

In todays society appearance is everything. Looking the part and playing the role can allow one to go a long way in media, but particularly advertisement. Honestly, who has not mumbled or thought to themselves while watching an advertisement, I wish I looked like that? A commercial for intimate wear or a trendy cosmetic line can have women looking in the mirror critiquing their physical appearance while reviewing their flaws. Mass media and advertisement can form insecurities within women which play on their self-esteem. Its important to examine the negative stereotypes in media and advertisement which cause reporting of low self-esteem. Advertisement impacts its viewers, so that is why its important to understand the impact on how it shapes the perception of the viewer. Self-esteem and advertisement are not often correlated with one another, but its evident that women are affected mentally and physically which can have effects on their self-esteem. Advertisement focuses on gender roles and how women are positively and negatively portrayed. This study will focus on the effect gender roles on the self-esteem of women and how they can be view differently. Society plays a role in creating low self-esteem in women from a young age due to the many unrealistic expectations that women try to live up to. Its crucial to see the positive, so one doesnt get lost in expectations that society and media has placed on them. Literature Review It is known that people turn to forms of mass media for information when they lack the knowledge and experience with subjects or situations (Lee, 2009). Cultivation Theory suggests that people mostly rely on television messages for a worldview, which causes unambiguous views on social reality. Cultivations theory is a form of communication that claims repeated exposure to images in mass media could affect the viewers perception of reality (Riddle, 2009). Social norms and perception of reality are created by the worldly views. Lee (2009) claims that behaviors are replicated when the subject is physically attractive, which grants for a pleasing outcome. Johnson and Holmes (2009) stated that those who seek and follow an unrealistic perception of reality, when the outcome doesnt replicate to the desired fantasy, they will be disappointed. This can be problematic granted the outcome doesnt turn out in their favor. Perception can allow one to believe that what they see is right or correct. An example would be a viewer watching unhealthy eating being displayed by a model who has the idea or perfect figure, they view will hold the same expectations for themselves not realizing that an unrealistic perception has been shown to them. Adults, both younger and older who set their goals on idealized images, which they desire to look like, will repeated have their expectations violated. This leads to low self-esteem and low self-satisfaction (Johnson Holmes, 2009). These images will be used in media through advertisement, with hope to capture the viewers attention. Media can have a major impact on its viewers. Commercial advertisement significantly impacts its viewers because fictional perceptions of reality are considered the social norm and valid. Riddle (2009) stated that those who are consistently exposed to commercial advertisement, these individuals have an altered knowledge and worldview of everyday life. The more the mass media messages are exposed, the more likely the viewer will accept the content. Viewers are less likely to differentiate fiction from reality once they have been exposed to high consumptions of these forms of messages (Riddle, 2009). This can be controversial because women who view advertisements may receive the wrong idea, as most advertisement involving women suggest that females should look like models, be trendy and stylish, while concealing their physical flaws. Advertisement messages affect all who view them whether they know it or not. These messages shouldnt be adapted as the social norm or part of one everyday reality. It is important to create self-expectations during adolescences, as taking on the wrong views can impact one long-term (Riddle, 2009). Gender Roles Advertisements can be persuasive to the consumer as it suggests the viewer has a need for the item, which motivates the purchase. Women are known to focus on their beauty, which explains why most female target advertisements are focused on products to achieve or enhance ones beauty to receive the look of perfections (McKinley, 2005). Advertisements used female to sell products, this can determine the idea that they are often objectified (Skorek Schreier, 2009). Advertisements are used to sell a lifestyle; the product must be viewed as a necessity for ones life. Happiness and values play a role into the products that are on display to be sold (Skorek Schreier, 2009). Women and men are portrayed differently in media. Generalized stereotypes are used to represent women, which gives off the impression that they are subordinate to men. Skorek and Schreier (2009) reported that ten percent of women portrayed working professional roles, such as waitress, secretary, or assistant. Females we re viewed as subordinate figures in these advertisements. It was thought that women and presented that women are unable of completing work related task without the help from a male or a machine to assist them. Eisend (2010) boosted the idea that business was an industry for men. In many advertisements, men are seen in positions such the manager or pilot, while women are seen in positions as their secretary or flight attendant, which promotes gender biases and stereotypes. Media portrays women using many different forms of stereotypes. These stereotypes can be viewed negatively as women have evolved into dominating forces within society. Opportunities are not only presented for men, as women have suited up to take on many roles and challenges over the years. Negative stereotypes of women shown in media, just to name a few; womens place is home and in the kitchen (Skorek Schreier, 2009). These forms of advertise once gave off the impression that women dont deal with the decision makings of the home. The task of the homemaker wasnt viewed as an important job. The perception has always been that women need men for support, protection. Its true that once women dependent of men and were only seen as sexual objects. Women appear in sexually suggestive content more then men (Lundstrom Sciglimpaglia, 1977). Its seldom for women to be shown as participants in competitive sports or competitions of any sort. They are viewed as an object that men come home to af ter a long day of work; they are viewed as just the housewife. Researchers have found claims to support that fact that women portrayed in media are always subjected to the same stereotypical roles. Women are not commonly shown in working roles, as business members, or having power and authority over men (Skorek Schreier, 2009). Due to there being many negative stereotypes in media in how women are being presented, its crucial to take a further look at the perspective from the view point of women. This will give an insight more intently on how women are being objectified in media. Perspective Women feminist believe that womens experiences, concerns, and ideas are as valuable as those of men and should be treated with equal seriousness and respect (Kim, 2008, p.392). Frequent grievances towards media and advertisement portrayals of women would be the consistent idea that females dont hold positions of authority, the idea that all workplaces are dominated by men, and sex-role socializations (Stephenson, Stover, Villamor, 1997). Feminist primarily focus on dominance and social order (Kim, 2008) and they argue that women should be treated and granted that same equality in media and advertisement representation as men. The goal is to cease the idea that males are the dominate gender, but aim to have women and men viewed as equals and to eradicate the messages being used to stereotype and generalize women. When media and advertisements can get to a place where they generalize the viewpoints of females less, that is when they will be better represented in a different aspect of s ocial life (Lee, 2009). Self-Esteem Research The gathered information on mass media and how women are portrayed in advertisement the hypothesis suggest: H: Negative images of females result in high exposure of stereotypes in media advertisement which correlates with low self-esteem among females of all ages. Methods Participants This study mainly involved female interactions with media and advertisement. They used 350 female high school students living on the west coast of the United States. They used participants of different races, which consisted of Caucasians (70%), African Americans (18%), Hispanics (7%), Asian (4%), and other (1%). The students consisted of freshman (12%), sophomores (34%), juniors (25%), and seniors (29%). The students study ages ranged from 14 to 18 with an average age being 15 (60%). Procedure Two high schools were sought out to conduct this study. Administrators contacted the school board to receive permission to survey the students during lunch hours and after school. The school allowed for flyers to be sent out to all female students, providing information regarding a survey that they could participate in. Female students needed to submit a verbal interest as well as a parental permission slip, granted them access to participate in the survey. The survey was voluntary and only given to those with consent from a parent or guardian. The first survey was conducted in a classroom during the lunch period for those who wished to participate at that time. The second survey was conducted after school in the lunch cafeteria. The survey was handed out to each student during both sessions once all participants were checked in. The instructors explained the instruction of the survey prior to being handed out. The students were advised not to share the any information regarding the survey with their peers. One instructor advised the student on how to properly take the survey while the other instructor passed out the survey and pencils to the students. The content for the survey consisted of a fifty question questionnaire which involved effects media has on ones emotions. The students were informed that their survey would be submitted anonymously so names were not needed to be place on the paper, and that they answers were voluntary. Instrumentation Demographic Items The survey included questions on the students grade, age and race. Media Exposure Media exposure was measured by focusing on female stereotypes and depictions in commercial advertisements. A nominal scale which focused on yes or no questions was also used. These nominal questions included: Do you watch commercial advertisements? and Do you observe commercial advertisements directed towards females? The Likert scale questions included: How many times a week do you view commercials advertisements? and How often do you notice the stereotypes in which females are portrayed in commercial advertisements? Responses ranged from (1) never view to (5) always view. Self-Esteem The Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) was used to measure self-esteem. The RSE scale contained 5 items; from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5) on a 5-point Likert scale (Rill et al., 2009) Samples questions were added to measure the overall emotional level of esteem. High scores reflected high level of self-esteem, while lower scores reflected lower levels of self esteem. The coefficient was rated .85 in a previous study. Sample questions included, I often feel worthless and I often have low sense of accomplishment. Data Plan The Pearson Correlation tested the hypothesis. This test calculated the correlation coefficients of the two variables. Both the independent variable and dependent variable are interval/ratio. The hypothesis suggests that high exposure to negative images of female stereotypes in media and advertisement correlate with low self-esteem.

An American Portrait Photographer, Philippe Halsman

An American portrait photographer, Philippe Halsman, in the mid 1900’s once said, â€Å"A true portrait should, today and a hundred years from today, the Testimony of how this person looked and what kind of human being he was.† He provides a good point, as he gives his opinion that portraits are a representation of an individual, to show the memory of their soul through artwork even if it’s photographs, paintings, drawings, or sculptures. Whether it is to remember the past or present, portraits tell their own story in a moment of time through the frame of the artistic eye. Portraits consist of many underlying layers that are exposed by the artist to mesmerize the viewer to the unique personality of an individual by the style of the portrait,†¦show more content†¦For example, Yousuf Karsh characterizes Muhammad Ali (plate 1) through a powerful photograph, not only as an individual but an American hero who shows power and strength. When looking at the imag e the most apparent form is his face and the emotion that is being expressed. While Ali’s head is turned at forty-five degrees, he remains to have eye contact with the viewers, which means he is not afraid to show the world who he is and how he wants to be represented. Furthermore, the bold stance of his fists carefully placed on his hips and his shoulders slightly forward exemplifies his fearlessness and confidence that he has in himself and that many others who chant his name know him to be. While Karsh identifies a more serious approach to a portrait that captures what Muhammad Ali stood for, there are also more whimsical ways to apprehend the narration of a person. Gwenn Seemel is one amazing artist that truly captures the essence of a person and makes them come alive on the canvas. During the course of an hour long interview, Seemel takes hundreds of photos while her subject spills his or her whole life’s story. In a video about her artwork and the process that go es with it she states, â€Å"Portraits should not be a still thing.† While portraits are often a two dimensional representation of an individual, their spirit is conveyed by the sitter’s facial expression and the style in which the artist wants to convey their personality. In a portrait of a young girl named Lily (plateShow MoreRelatedThe Mirror Like Reflection Of Art956 Words   |  4 Pagesshow how the social, political, and religious circumstances of the different art periods affect the way women were represented. Comparing the work of Johannes Vermeer and Philippe Halsman it is clearly to see how the separations of centuries and different techniques affected the vision of the women’s beauty. Although both, American actress Grace Kelly and The Milkmaid, represent femininity as the main idea, one shows a realistic expression of the beauty, the other image is the author’s perception of

Prisoners Rights, Alternative Forms Of Correction And...

Prisoners’ Rights, Alternative Forms of Correction and Strategies. Tamika Henley CRJ 303 Corrections Instructor: Kirsten Pickering Date January 26, 2015 Correctional Agency is an organization that is in charge of supervision and administration of already sentenced criminal. Corrections permit’s solid protection communities by working operating sheltered secure offices that keep criminals under firm, reasonable practices. With that being said, there is an extensive variety of treatment that is provided that helps rehabilitate the offenders. For example, vocational programs, that assist with retaliation and on the job training skills. Please keep in mind that Department of correctional agency’s has been a part of the world for several years, therefore there are tons of programs being offered. Eliminating crime can be a complex goal for correctional departments to reach. Simply, when wrongdoers carry out wrongdoing, they must be chastised via the correctional system. The questions that numerous individuals are asking is the way they are being punished. How many different strategies does correctional system have that can keep criminals out of our communities? Crime rate is high as we are all aware of, sexual abuse, murder and child abuse are the more popular crimes occurring in the United States. Crimes are committed every day, and criminal action goes on everywhere throughout the world. This movement puts an enormous strain on the correctional system. They haveShow MoreRelatedThe Efforts Of Solitary Confinement Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesSolitary Confinement. People gather at various locations to expose the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation’s actions and rally support efforts to secure their rights. They hope that as more people become aware of the severity of solitary confinement, it will become a nationwide action. Sufficient improvements can be made by creating programs allowing adult prisoners to earn their way out of isolation. 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Confucianism, the philosophical system founded on Essay Example For Students

Confucianism, the philosophical system founded on Essay the teaching of Confucius, who lived from 551 BC to 479 BC, dominated Chinese sociopolitical life for most of the Chinese history and largely influenced the cultures of Korea, Japan, and Indochina. The Confucian school functioned as a recruiting ground for government positions, which were filled by those scoring highest on examinations in the Confucian classics. It also blended with popular and important religions and became the vehicle for presenting Chinese values to the peasants. The schools doctrine supported political authority using the theory of the mandate of heaven. It sought to help rulers maintain domestic order, preserve tradition, and maintain a constant standard of living for the tax paying peasants. It trained its followers in generous giving, traditional rituals, family order, loyalty, respect for superiors and for the aged, and principled flexibility in advising rulers. Confucius was Chinas first and most famous philosopher. He had a traditional personal name (Qiu) and a formal name (Zhoghi). Confuciuss father died shortly after Confuciuss birth. His family fell into relative poverty, and Confucius joined a growing class of impoverished descendants of aristocrats who made their careers by acquiring knowledge of feudal ritual and taking positions of influence serving the rulers of the many separate states of ancient China. Confucius devoted himself to learning. At the age of 30, however, when his short-lived official career floundered, he turned to teaching others. Confucius himself never wrote down his own philosophy, although tradition credits him with editing some of the historical classics that were used as texts in his school. He apparently made an enormous impact on the lives and attitudes of his disciples. Confucianism combines a political theory and a theory of human nature to yield dao, a prescriptive doctrine or way. The political theory starts with a Doctrine of political authority from heavens command: the ruler bears responsibility for the well being of the people and therefore for peace and order in the empire. Confucianism emerged as a more coherent philosophy when faced with intellectual competition from other schools that were growing in the schools that were growing in the fertile social climate of pre-imperial China (400-200 BC). Daoism, Mohism and Legalism all attacked Confucianism. A common theme of these attacks was that Confucianism assumed that tradition and convention was always correct. Mencuis (372-289 BC) developed a more idealistic inclination to good behavior that does not require education. Xun Zi (313- 238 BC) argued that all inclinations are shaped by acquired language and other social forms. Confucianism rose to the position of an official orthodoxy during the Han Dynasty (206 BC 220 AD). It absorbed the metaphysical doctrines of Yin (the female principle) and Yang (the male principle) found in the Book of Changes and other speculative metaphysical notions. With the fall of the Han Dynasty, Confucianism fell into severe decline. Except for the residual effects of its official status, Confucianism remained philosophically dormant for approximately 600 years. Confucianism began to revive with the reestablishment of the Chinese dynastic power in the Tang Dynasty (618- 906 AD). The Zen Buddhist, Chan felt that There is nothing much to Buddhist teaching. And, the education offered by Confucist teaching filled the intellectual gap. The Song Dynasty (960 1279 AD) produced Neo-Confucianism, which is an interpretation of classical Confucianism doctrine that addressed both Buddhist and Daoist issues. Its development was due mainly to Zhenglo (1032) and Zhengi (1033-1107), but for the orthodox statement of Neo-Confucianism, one turns to Zhu Xi (1130- 1200). His commentaries on the four scriptures of Confucianism were required study for the imperial civil service examinations. .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64 , .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64 .postImageUrl , .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64 , .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64:hover , .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64:visited , .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64:active { border:0!important; } .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64:active , .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64 .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf980bbb6307f3f421645163b27455c64:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tar Baby EssayFrom the beginning of the 1200s to about 1949 and the communist era in China, Confucianism was the belief that told the peasants of China that the mandate of heaven said that emperors were to rule the Chinese Empire. Because of this philosophy, westerners often viewed the Chinese lifestyle as odd and referred to the Chinese officials as inscrutable. .

Types of Diabetes Essays - Diabetes, Endocrine System, Medicine

Types of Diabetes Junk food is becoming one of the poison for the human beings . Junk food is very easy to get and also is very cheap and convenient for person with a busy life. The problem with this is than about 29 million people suffer from diabetes in the United States. The World Health Organization has predicted that diabetes will rise to the top seventh cause of dea th worldwide by 2030. Only 5% of people with diabetes have the type I. people with diabetes type II count for the 95% of all the diabetes population. The diabetes type II is associate with older age people, obesity and physical inactivity. The junk food for sure is one of the main cause of this obesity and therefor the cause of more people with diabetes type II. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Insulin is produced in the pancreas by the beta cells. Insulin is essential to process carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Insulin reduces bl ood glucose levels by allowing glucose to enter muscle cells and fat cells. Also the insulin is in charge of maintain a balance of glucose into the body. There are different types of diabetes mellitus but diabetes type I, diabetes t ype II and diabetes gestational are the most common types. Diabetes type1 also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin . This is a condition that occurs when the body's immune system erroneously attacks the pancreas and t he pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin, destroying these cells and reducing the body's ability to produce sufficient insulin to regulate blood glucose levels . Absence, destruction, or loss o f these cells causes high blood glucose levels or hyperglycemia. When the body have hyperglycemia or high glucose levels on blood for long time, this can affect another organ or can cause another diseases like eye disease, kidney disease, nerve damage, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease that may appear as the diabetes progress. The diabetes type 1 most of the time begins in children or young people. Before diagnosis with type 1 diabetes, a teen will develop symptoms of inc reased urination, thirst, and appetite in addition to weight loss or in children failure to grow . The most common therapy for this type of diabetes 1is the insulin shots. There are several different types of insulin like rapid-acting, short-acting and intermediate-acti ng shots of insulin that some time are combine two of more together. Diabetes type 2 also called adult-onset diabetes , the pancreas produce insulin but not enough to meet the body demand and therefor cell become insulin resistant and the body result in persistent high glucose blood levels . Insulin resist ance, or lack of sensitivity to insul in, happens primarily in fat liver, and muscle cells. People who are more than 20% obese over their ideal weight may have high risk of developing type 2 diabetes . In the pass this diabetes was related only with adult people but today more and more young people or child can be diagnose with this type of diabetes type 2. 15% or more of new patients with diabetes type 2 are happening in children and adolescence with Obesity . With insulin resistance, the pancreas has to work hard to produce more insulin in obese people, but even then, there is not enough insulin to keep sugars into normal levels. The therapy associate with diabetes type 2 and elevated blood glu cose levels are managed with reduced food intake, weigh management, i ncreased physical activity, and eventua lly oral medications or insulin. Diabetes gestational which is a form of glucose in tolerance that is diagnosed in some pregnancy women is often triggered in middle or late pregnancy . It requires treatment to help normalize maternal blood glucose levels. This diabetes have some similarity to diabetes type 2 . For example most of the time occur in mother that have gain a significant weight in the first trimester of the pregnancy. Some women that actually are obese at the time of the pregnancy also have a

Free Essays on Aids In The African American Community

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a condition thought to be caused by a virus in which the body’s white cells lose their ability to protect against infections. AIDS was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers by killing or impairing cells of the immune system. Individuals diagnosed with AIDS are susceptible to life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infections, which are caused by microbes that usually do not cause illness in healthy people. More than 600,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the United States since 1981, and as many as 900,000 Americans may be infected with HIV. The epidemic is growing most rapidly among minority populations and is a leading killer of African-Americans. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) AIDS is six times higher in African-Americans than among whites. African-Americans make up 12% of the United States population, yet 47% of all AIDS cases are African-Americans. This is obviously a disproportional relationship. The CDC also says that whites make up 71% of America’s population; however, only 32% of all AIDS cases involve whites. The CDC also says that over 65% of all pediatric AIDS cases are black children. Without continued study and analysis of the current crisis, the epidemic will surely worsen. The population of African Americans living with AIDS has been increasing, due largely to the availability of more effective treatments but also due to the increasing impact of the epidemic on minorities in the U.S. Estimated AIDS prevalence among African Americans increased by 150% since 1993, compared to a 68% increase among whites. In 1998, the number of African Americans estimated to be living with AIDS surpassed that of whites for the first time. Advances in t... Free Essays on Aids In The African American Community Free Essays on Aids In The African American Community AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a condition thought to be caused by a virus in which the body’s white cells lose their ability to protect against infections. AIDS was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers by killing or impairing cells of the immune system. Individuals diagnosed with AIDS are susceptible to life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infections, which are caused by microbes that usually do not cause illness in healthy people. More than 600,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the United States since 1981, and as many as 900,000 Americans may be infected with HIV. The epidemic is growing most rapidly among minority populations and is a leading killer of African-Americans. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) AIDS is six times higher in African-Americans than among whites. African-Americans make up 12% of the United States population, yet 47% of all AIDS cases are African-Americans. This is obviously a disproportional relationship. The CDC also says that whites make up 71% of America’s population; however, only 32% of all AIDS cases involve whites. The CDC also says that over 65% of all pediatric AIDS cases are black children. Without continued study and analysis of the current crisis, the epidemic will surely worsen. The population of African Americans living with AIDS has been increasing, due largely to the availability of more effective treatments but also due to the increasing impact of the epidemic on minorities in the U.S. Estimated AIDS prevalence among African Americans increased by 150% since 1993, compared to a 68% increase among whites. In 1998, the number of African Americans estimated to be living with AIDS surpassed that of whites for the first time. Advances in t...

Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final - Research Paper Example The necessity to create and develop new and cleaner supply of energy is both an imperative of environmental conservation and economics. The urgency of creating and developing new energy supply is urgent due to the damage wrought by the excessive carbon emission of the traditional sources of energy that caused irreversible climate change and other irreversible damage to the environment (Kelly, 2008). One alternative that is seriously considered is nuclear power. Just like any other source of power, nuclear power has its benefits and disadvantages. One of the most popular argument for the preferential use of nuclear power as an alternative source of energy is that it does not produce pollutants and thus can mitigate the effect of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emission especially carbon dioxide. It also makes energy supplies more secure as the diversification of energy source will lessen the dependency on fuel imports. It is also a cheap source of energy as one single nuclea r power plant can produce tremendous amount of electricity. There are however concerns about the use of nuclear power as an alternative source of energy. Foremost to these concerns is the possibility of a nuclear meltdown just like what happened to Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi in Japan. Next is the issue of the disposal of radioactive waste which can prove to be deadly when a living thing is exposed, that includes humans, animals and plants. The Chernobyl disaster demonstrated how devastating a nuclear meltdown is that the nearby town of Pripyat in Ukraine still remained uninhabited today after the 1986 disaster and made it a reason why nuclear technology should not be used. The present reality however compels a serious consideration of an alternative source of energy. At present, other sources of energy are already depleted because they are non renewable and needs to be abandoned because they pollute the environment (Armaroli, & Balzani, 2011). Nuclear power provides an excellen t alternative because it does not release any pollutants to the atmosphere. Unlike the traditional fossil fuel which converts itself into carbon dioxide during its conversion into electrical energy, nuclear power does not emit carbon dioxide because it is not being burned to create electrical energy (Clemmit, 2010). Energy is created in a chemical process which decomposition takes place exothermally that heats up a water to create a steam that would consequently propel the connecting turbine to create electrical energy from a stored chemical energy. This technology was already available since 1600s and may have been first used as a weapon to bomb the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the Second World War (Graetz, 2011) but it was only in 1957 that it was first used as a source of energy when the first nuclear power plant was constructed at Pennsylvania when a uranium atom was discovered that could be split to produce sub-atomic particles of high energy content (Kelley, 2008). The nuclear power as a source of energy also proved to be efficient because it only requires a very small amount of raw materials to produce a large quantity of energy (Cavallaro, 2010). Raiput even estimated that it a single nuclear plant could supply energy for an entire country for a long time (2006). It is also cost efficient because it requires minimal cost in its maintenance that could last up to sixty years (the regular