Types of Competition - 1000 Words

Economic theory usually differentiates across the four major types of market structure: monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and perfect competition. Although the list of market structures can be virtually unlimited, these four types are considered to be the basis for understanding the principles of market performance in different market conditions. Each of the four types of market structures possesses its benefits and drawbacks. In any of these markets, an entrepreneur can develop a strategy appropriate for conquering a part of the market niche. Although for many entrepreneurs monopoly seems an excellent choice (no competitors and full control over the product and its price), in reality it is monopolistic competition that†¦show more content†¦In perfect competition, no barriers to entry or exit exist, and firms are free to move across their markets. Certainly, perfect competition seems a perfect choice for customers, while monopoly will seem like a perfect choice for entrepreneurs – no competition, full price control, and full control over the product assortment. However, as an entrepreneur, I would rather choose monopolistic competition. My choice is justified by several reasons. Fist of all, monopoly prevents entrepreneurs from entering the market, while monopolistic competition markets are free for entry, and as an entrepreneur I may enter any market I deem appropriate and effective in terms of maximizing my profits. Second, monopoly does give some control over prices and product assortment, but in the current world, customers always seek to diversify the range of products they use. Monopoly does not leave any chance for differentiation, and as an entrepreneur I will always want to have several different products that will be sold to several different groups of consumers. Finally, it is due to the fact that competition drives innovation and gives me sufficient stimuli for growth that I can make my business grow. As such, in conditi ons of monopolistic competition I may have fewer opportunities for maximizing my profits for the sake of full control over prices and assortment, but I am more confident that my business will grow for the account of better customer satisfactionShow MoreRelatedDifferent Types of Competition1112 Words   |  4 PagesPure Competition: Pure competition involves number of companies or firms manufacturing similar or identical goods. In such pure competition the firms have no control over the prices. These companies are often termed as Price Takers. The pricing strategy is no in hands of the company it is determined by market forces. The firms operating in a pure competition manufacture standardized products which do not offer them a chance to differentiate their products on the basis of some unique feature ofRead MoreThe Types Of Market, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, And Monopoly803 Words   |  4 Pagesthe video which discusses the four types of markets: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. In order to review this effectively there must be an understanding of the terms. According to our text, perfect competition involves products competing clients and that they offer corporations less potential profits than imperfectly competitive markets do. (Bryd, Hickman and McPheson, ) The text also referenced imperfect competition and this is when entry is restrictedRead MoreA Qualitative Analysis of the Types of Goals Athletes Set in Training and Competition: Article Summary1598 Words   |  6 PagesSummary of an Article: A Qualitative Analysis of the Types of Goals Athletes Set in Training and Competition Validity and Reliability In order for research to be reliable, other researchers must be able to perform the same experiment and achieve the same results (Shuttleworth, 2008). The reliability of this study is unknown at this point. In the past, researchers have used quantitative methods to try to find out the feelings that athletes have had about goal-setting. This survey method hasRead MorePlant Competition1284 Words   |  6 PagesPlant Competition INTRODUCTION This experiment was used to show the different types of competition between species. Competition was defined as being a â€Å"relationship between members of the same or different species in which individuals are adversely affected by those having the same living requirements, such as food or space† (Competition 2010). There are two different types of competition that we will be observing during this experiment. The first type would be intraspecific, which means â€Å"competitionRead MoreCompetition : A Theory Of Competition Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesa. Theory of Competition Competition in the economic sphere denotes the process of rivalry between firms for the patronage of customers. The European Commission defines competition as a situation in which firms or sellers â€Å"independently strive for buyers’ patronage in order to achieve aparticular business objective, for example, profits, sales, or marketshare†7. Richard Whish refers to competition in the commercial world as â€Å"a striving for the custom and business of people in the market place†8.Read MoreTypes of Market Environments and the Internets Affect907 Words   |  4 PagesWhen determining what type of market environment that businesses operate within today, one must decide what segment of the market is being targeted. Whether it is the agricultural industry, the retail sales industry, the automotive industry or the utilities industry, each market has its own type of business environment that it operates under. In recent years, the emergence of the Internet has shifte d the balance of power in most industries. In order to explain today’s market environment clearlyRead MoreThe Types Of Market Structures1640 Words   |  7 Pagesexpress the barriers that they may face with entering. There are four types of competition across various market structures. The types of competition are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Each types of market structures are a direct reflection of the current economic market state. When a company assesses market structures, the company must conduct proper research on the customers, competition, and costs. Understanding the current nature of the economy is instrumentalRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures: Whole Foods1242 Words   |  5 Pagesthe different types of market structures. The markets have different characteristics, which determine the strategies applied by the various organizations in the continuum (Etro, 2009). Different types of market structures In the field of microeconomics, the market structure of an organization determines the performance of the organization within the industry. There are different types of market structures practiced today. Among these market structures include the perfect competition structure (MillerRead MoreCompetition and Basic Needs Essay examples1143 Words   |  5 Pagesa society. There are many different types of social interaction but competition is a main one that is very present in societies today. Competition is the act of competing against someone or something when a resource or action is needed and there is a low supply of it. Competition is not only found between two or more people but also in a variety of other areas in society. Unbroken, a novel written by Laura Hilenbaug, talks about various aspects of competition in society. She talks about the strugglesRead MoreA Human Resources Value Analysis1398 Words   |  6 PagesA Human Resources Value Analysis of Canada’s Top 100 Empl oyers, Best Employers in Canada, and The Queen’s Competition This human resources study will recommend two of the largest promotional competitions for business rankings found in Canada’s Top 100 Employers and Best Employers in Canada. These competitions define the most efficient workplace environment, which produce the most productive and efficient corporate communities. The one important aspect of Canada’s Top 100 Employers defines the most

Fascist Italy and Population Essay - 757 Words

Overall, the fascist experiment in Italy was a failure. Benito Mussolini aimed to make the world safe for the middle class, small business owners, property owners, and people in the agricultural area. Through this, Mussolini gained support of the majority of the population. There is no doubt that most of the support was actually the work of propaganda and rhetoric rather than the ‘real thing. The government made desperate attempts to significantly increase the birthrate in Italy. In 1927, Mussolini launched the Battle for births. The task of young women was to get married quickly and have a lot of children. And the more children they get, the more benefits they get from the government. Mussolinis population policy failed to produce†¦show more content†¦The women in Italy who had unusual numbers of children lived in hardship and poverty while they were still under pressure from the public and the government to have more children. Mussolinis big plan was to have all the m en serving the military and the women working in the domestic sphere. Mussolinis daughter, Edda Mussolini Ciano, was asked to return to Italy from China in Document 7. She did not appreciate Mussolinis request at all because he told her to leave just to be asked to become pregnant again. I was angry to have been forced to leave that spellbinding, magical country and to be pregnant againÂ… In Document 10, a mother of 11 children who is living in poor conditions writing to the daughter of Mussolini that she is in need for help. In Document 11, an average middle class is shown. It is a family of fourteen people of all ages, from infants to adults. Most of the men in the photo seems like they are either working for Mussolini or serving the army. Mussolini, seeing as how his dream for Italy was becoming a failure, resorted to statistics. In Document 4, fascists saw that fat women are more capable of producing children than that of normal women. They therefore called for a Battle for the fat and targeted mainly women who weighed at least 300 pounds. In Document 2, Pietro Battera, a demographer, points out that the economy conditions in Italy was in no way suitable for Italy to have a higher and stable population thanShow MoreRelatedLife in the Italy in the 1930s1138 Words   |  5 PagesLife in Italy in the 1930’s Life in Italy in the 1930’s caused difficulty to some Italians during that time period. During the 1930’s a large number of Italians who had opposed the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini arrived in the United States. After the news spread in Italy about the bombing of Pearl Harbour almost all Italians supported the war against Benito Mussolini. At this point, Italy was slowly becoming under the Nazi rule, the significance of a woman’s role in Italy was emphasised asRead MoreHow Far Mussolini Succeeded in Creating a Nation of Fascists Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesMussolini Succeeded in Creating a Nation of Fascists Mussolini became priminister in 1922. By 1925 he was the head of a stable government supported by conservatives, the catholic church and the king, His aim for the future was to create his own dictatorship, where Mussolini had complete control and was an all powerful dictator whom people aspired to. By 1926 Mussolini achieved his ambition of making himself the dictator of Italy. And parliament was fully under his controlRead MoreThe Fascists’ Control of Italy and their Social and Economic Policies1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fascists’ social and economic policies up to 1939 significantly aided their control over Italy yet may not be cited as the sole cause. The Fascist party’s social and economic policies along with other factors attributed to the overall control of Italy. Through such policies it was a certainty that the Fascist party would hold complete power over the population of Italy in each aspect of an individual’s life whether it was their leisure time through the Dopolavoro or at work under the corporateRead MoreNazi Germany - Fascist Italy Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesDuring a world economic crisis, two similar totalitarian regimes were able to emerge in Germany and Italy. The fascist party was led by Benito Mussolini in Italy, while the National socialists were led by Adolf Hitler in Germany. The education played a key role in these two nati ons, as since the future of Italy and Germany was in the schools. The public image of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini were key factors in the popularity of the two leaders. Propaganda was an essential tool in both countriesRead MoreThe Role of Control and Propaganda in Mussolini’s Reign and Their Importance1431 Words   |  6 Pagesdominated Italy for many years. He saw them to be weak and wanted to be the ruler of a one party state. From 1922 to 1929, he gradually destroyed all possible alternates to the Fascist regime. From, 1922 to 1923, Mussolini steadily built up his own power in the government. He placed loyal Fascists in key government positions, created the Voluntary Fascist Militia for National Security, and promoted the Grand Council of Fascism, the highest authority of the Fascist PartyRead MoreThe main factors that enabled Mussolini to rise to power, and consolidate his position in Italy between 1918 and 1929.1235 Words   |  5 Pagesunification in Italy, the Risorgimento, had largely been completed territorially, but not in any other respect. The vast majority of the population still felt no real attachment to Italy at all, as a result of Italy s continuing weakness as a cultural, industrial, military, and colonial power compared to older European states. This resulted in a deepening national inferiority complex and led to various projects for the renewal of nationalism, both from the extreme left and the extreme right. Italy was promisedRead MoreBenito Mussolini, AKA Il Dulce806 Words   |  3 Pagesto the world that he could be a successful ruler as well. Mussolini came to power and remained in power primarily due to the actions of the Italian Blackshirts. As the Blackshirts maintained law and order, terrorized political opponents, defended I taly, and marched on Rome, Mussolini successfully ruled as dictator. Controlled and led by Mussolini, the Italian Blackshirts also known as the Squadre d’ Azione, were made up of war veterans and young people led by ringleaders. The Blackshirt uniformRead MoreMussolini s Main Goals For Italy1177 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Holocaust. Italy, under the rule of fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, was one of the many countries who turned her back on the Jewish people. Because of political, social and economic reasons, Italy was a bystander to the heinous crimes inflicted on the Jewish population. Benito Mussolini took control of the Italian government in 1922, and ruled until 1943. Under Mussolini’s rule, democratic institutions were shut down. The shutdown of democratic institutions resulted in a Fascist dictatorshipRead MoreHistory Of Italy s Liberation Day Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesoccur to a country in the past shape how the country is today. In Italy there is a day that represents a very important movement in history. Italy s liberation day is celebrated to remember the fallen fighting during WWII, and in the Resistance. This day was a day that marked a dictatorship to fall, and a much needed improvement to occur on Italy. The date is April 25, Italy s Liberation Day. Every year on this day not only Italy but all around, people gather from far and near to celebrate thisRead MoreHow the Coming and Going of Fascism Affected the Tourism Industry in Italy1359 Words   |  5 Pagesby the mistakes of Fascism. Italy had remained a poor country during Fascism, destroying the progress after the First World War and eventually coming out of it after Fascism with the knowledge of the need for international currency in the economy. The economy and the people of Italy all were affected by the need and growth of tourism during the rise and fall of the Fascist regime. The arrival of the First World War had a huge impact on the tourism business of Italy and helped set the precedent

The uk authorities and the cfa criminal law and civil law Free Essays

string(114) " determining whether or not behaviour amounts to market abuse,8 and to impose penalties in cases of market abuse\." Introduction Insider dealing is considered to be legally and morally wrong by the UK authorities and the CFA. In UK, both criminal law and civil law cover the regulation for insider dealing,many investment analysts who are the members of CFA Institute behave under the CFA Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct. Before the description and effectiveness analysis of UK laws and CFA ethical rules which regulate insider dealing, it is necessary to discuss the reasons for regulating insider dealing. We will write a custom essay sample on The uk authorities and the cfa criminal law and civil law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although there are many arguments and reasons against regulation, it is generally acknowledged that insider dealing is detrimental to common investors, listed companies and stock market. Firstly, stock market is a just, fair and open market, but insider dealing violates this essential principle. With a convenience access to insider information, some use the information to trade in the market, it is not fair for other investors without access to insider information; Insider dealing makes the few profitable and the great majority unprofitable, it is not just; Insider information is not public and open for every investors. Secondly, insider dealing causes losses for investors by misleading them. To some extent, this would discourage investment by undermining investor confidence in stock market and even scare investors away. Thirdly, insider dealing does incalculable harm to reputation and market value of company. When a company scandal of insider dealing is exposed publicly, investors p robably believe that they have been treated unequally even cheated by this company, so investors will lose confidence in this company, causing damages to company reputation. Moreover, common investors lack of capital, time and professional skill, on purpose of risk reduction, they are willing to buy stock of the company with good reputation and without scandals of insider dealing. For the whole stock market, if there are no regulations for insider dealing, it cannot function normally and healthily, because investors will lose confidence in the fairness and profitability of stock market and then decrease and even stop doing transactions to prevent them from being victims of insider dealing. Finally, insider dealing may bring about moral hazard problem. Overall, there is no doubt that regulations for insider dealing are essential. In UK, insider dealing is regulated under the criminal law by Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 (â€Å"the 1993 Act†). The structure of part V of â€Å"the 1993 Act† is shown below: Table of Contents of part V of â€Å"the 1993 Act†1 The offence of insider dealing 52. The offence. 53. Defences. Interpretation 54. Securities to which Part V applies. 55. â€Å"Dealing† in securities. 56. â€Å"Inside information†, etc. 57. â€Å"Insiders†. 58. Information â€Å"made public†. 59. â€Å"Professional intermediary†. 60. Other interpretation provisions. Miscellaneous 61. Penalties and prosecution. 62. Territorial scope of offence of insider dealing. 63. Limits on section 52. 64. Orders. S52 and S53 state the general definition of the offence of insider dealing, and in what circumstances, an individual who has information as an insider is (not) guilty of insider dealing. If an individual who has information as an insider, in the circumstances mentioned in subsection (3), deals in securities that are price-affected securities in relation to the information; encourages another person to deal in those securities; discloses the information to another person improperly, he is guilty of insider dealing.2 If an individual has information as an insider shows that he did not at the time expect the dealing to result in a profit; he believed on reasonable grounds that the information had been disclosed widely; he would have done what he did even if he had not had the information; he did not at the time expect any person, because of the disclosure, to deal in securities in the circumstances mentioned in subsection (3), he is not guilty of insider dealing.3 The sections of â€Å"Interpretation† expound the definition and explanation of several terms for the purposes of this Part. Briefly speaking, these sections tell us what are securities and â€Å"dealing† in securities mentioned in this part; what is â€Å"insider information† and information â€Å"made public†; who is â€Å"insider† and â€Å"professional intermediary†; interpretations of other terms such as â€Å"regulated market†, â€Å"issuer†, â€Å"company† and â€Å"public sector body†. S61 states the penalties for an individual guilty of insider dealing: on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to both; on conviction on indictment, to a fine or imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years or to both.4 It also states that proceedings for offences under this Part shall be instituted in England and Wales by or with the consent of the Secretary of State or the Director of Public Prosecutions.5 S62 states that an individual is guilty of an offence of insider dealing if: he was within the United Kingdom at the time of alleged dealing; the regulated market on which the dealing is alleged to have occurred is regulated in the United Kingdom; the professional intermediary was within the United Kingdom at the time of the offence committed; the alleged recipient of the information or encouragement was within the United Kingdom at the time of receiving the information or encouragement.6 In UK, the system of civil law of insider dealing involves legislations of â€Å"Financial Services and Markets Act 2000(FSMA)†, â€Å"The Code of Market Conduct of FSA (Financial Services Authority)† and â€Å"The Market Abuse Directive Instrument 2005 of FSA†. First of all, Part VIII of â€Å"FSMA† created the ‘civil offence’ of â€Å"market abuse† which includes insider dealing. According to Section 1 in Part I of â€Å"FSMA†, the body corporate known as the Financial Services Authority (â€Å"the Authority†) is to have the functions conferred on it by or under this Act.7 This means that â€Å"FSA† is the regulator of the financial services industry in the UK, given statutory powers by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. Part VIII of â€Å"FSMA† states the general definition of market abuse, and gives the authority power to prepare and issue a code containing such provisions as the Authority consi ders will give appropriate guidance to those determining whether or not behaviour amounts to market abuse,8 and to impose penalties in cases of market abuse. You read "The uk authorities and the cfa criminal law and civil law" in category "Essay examples" It also gives the authority power to investigate and court power to impose penalty in cases of market abuse. In the next place, â€Å"The Code of Market Conduct† given by FSA provides us the descriptions of different behaviours of market abuse. As the description stated in â€Å"The Code of Market Conduct†, insider dealing is where an insider deals, or attempts to deal, in a qualifying investment or related investment on the basis of inside information relating to the investment in question.9 In the sector of MAR 1.3 Market abuse (insider dealing), it provides several descriptions of behaviours and relevant factors and some examples of insider dealing, which give appropriate guidance to those determining whether or not behaviour amounts to insider dealing. Finally, about â€Å"The Market Abuse Directive†, â€Å"FSA† makes this instrument in the exercise of the powers and related provisions in relevant sections of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 and defining terms of market abuse. Overall, â€Å"FSMA† is a frame Act, and gives the power to â€Å"FSA† to publish the â€Å"Code on Market Conduct† which has been amended to implement the â€Å"Market Abuse Directive†. As a professional organisation, CFA Institute has issued self regulatory â€Å"Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct† for their members and candidates. In the first place, standard I (A) provides that members and candidates must understand and comply with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations of any government, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or professional association governing their professional activities. In the event of conflict, members and candidates must comply with the more strict law, rule, or regulation. Members and candidates must not knowingly participate or assist in and must dissociate from any violation of such laws, rules, or regulations.10 So the members and candidates of CFA in UK are responsible for understanding and complying with UK criminal law and civil law of insiderdealing. Next, standard II (A) provides that members and candidates who possess material nonpublic information that could affect the value of an investment must not act or cause others to act on the information.11 According to S56 of the â€Å"1993 Act†, the material nonpublic information that could affect the value of an investment is insider information, and according to S57 of the â€Å"1993 Act†, those members and candidates who possess insider information are insiders. Specifically, guidance for Standard II (A) gives members and candidates of CFA below contents for more attention. (1)Members and candidates must be particularly aware of information that is selectively disclosed by corporations to a small group of investors, analysts, or other market participants. Information that is made available to analysts remains nonpublic until it is made available to investors in general. Corporations that disclose information on a limited basis create the potential for insider trading violations.12 (2)Issues of selective disclosure often arise when a corporate insider provides material information to analysts in a briefing or c onference call before that information is released to the public. Analysts must be aware that a disclosure made to a room full of analysts does not necessarily make the disclosed information â€Å"public†. Analysts should also be alert to the possibility that they are selectively receiving material nonpublic information when a company provides them with guidance or interpretationof such publicly available information as financial statements or regulatory filings.13 (3) A financial analyst gathers and interprets large quantities of information from many sources. The analyst may use significant conclusions derived from the analysis of public and nonmaterial nonpublic information as the basis for investment recommendations and decisions even if those conclusions would have been material inside information had they been communicated directly to the analyst by a company. Under the â€Å"mosaic theory,† financial analysts are free to act on this collection, or mosaic, of inf ormation without risking violation.14 Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 defines insider dealing as criminal offence, it is universally known that criminal offence is very severe illegal-activity, so to some degree just the existence of this criminal law of insider dealing can stifle some criminal offences of insider dealing. In event of insider dealing, this criminal would punish an individual who committed insider dealing to indirectly protect other investors without any compensation, but this indirect protection is not effectively enough. When control rights are concentrated, the restrictions may simply transfer profits from insiders to informed outsiders, leaving uninformed investors no better-off, unless the regulator ensures a concomitant improvement in investor protection standards.14 On the other hand, there are some problems and difficulties enforce this criminal law. First, insider dealing is happened in private and secret by just a phone call, a chat or something which do not leave any actual evidence, so if without effectively investigative techniques it is very difficult to detect or to collect evidence. Even though this can be done, the process will be costly. Moreover, for an individual who seriously committed insider dealing, fines and seven-year sentences is too light when compared with millions of pounds profit. UK civil law in some cases supplements criminal law, FSA can impose penalties of return of profit and restitution for those who can establish loss, but actually few victims can prove loss. CFA code of ethics and standards are self-regulations which have their own strengthens and weaknesses. There are six factors of self-regulation strengthen: flexibility, speed, expertise, acceptance, cost-efficiency, cross-border application, and of its weaknesses: contestability of markets, competitive distortions, insufficient scope, inadequate enforcement, regulatory arbitrage, conflicts of interest.15 Total word: 1912 (excluding word count, references, footnotes, endnotes, and bibliography) BIBLIOGRAPHY Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 Part I of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 Part VIII of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 The Code of Market Conduct in Financial Services Authority Handbook Market Abuse Directive Instruments of Financial Services Authority CFA Study Session 1 Eva Hupkes, Journal of Business Law 2009 Regulation, self-regulation or co-regulation? Art A. Durnev and Amrita S. Nain, The Effectiveness of Insider Trading Regulation Around the Globe How to cite The uk authorities and the cfa criminal law and civil law, Essay examples

Christology Essay Example For Students

Christology Essay Christology‘In relation to the humanity, he is one and the same Christ, the son, the Lord, the Only Begotten, who is to be acknowledged in two natures, without confusion, without change, without division and without separation.’ Creed of Chalcedon (A.D. 451)For thousands of years the true nature of Jesus Christ has been widely debated. Christology is the theology devoted to studying the human and divine natures and roles of Jesus Christ. Many interpretations and viewpoints have been formed and disputed since the death of Christ up to present times. Three major councils were organized to discuss the teachings and understandings of Jesus early in the first millennium. The discussions at Nicaea (A.D. 325), Constantinople (A.D. 381), and Chalcedon (A.D. 451) were developed into creeds that explained their belief in terms of the nature of Christ. These three creeds insisted that Christ was fully a man and fully God, not one or the other or part of both. There were many other early perspectives of Christology in the Christian church. Each viewpoint had its individual varying forms and degrees. These are the basic convictions of the most prominent ones: Docetism: This doctrine preached that Christ was of a divine nature and only seemed to have a human form. He appeared to suffer on the cross but was in fact incapable of feeling human misery. The viewpoint stems from one that insists all matter is evil (dualism); therefore, Christ could simply not be human because he could not be evil. The name derives from the Greek word, dokein, †to seem, to appear.† It was finally denounced at the Council of Chalcedon. Arianism: Arius, a priest in Alexandria, taught that Christ was part of the Trinity, but not as divine as God. Since God supposedly created Christ, he could surely not be as holy as him. It was acknowledged that Christ was not of a human nature, but not of a total divine nature either. He existed simply by the will of God. This viewpoint was denounced at both the Councils of Nicea and Constantinople. Adoptionism (Ebionism): The idea of a Trinity was opposed in this doctrine. The Adoptionists contend that Christ was a man who was adopted by God and made holy at his baptism. He first had a human nature, and developed into a deity after he was baptized. After several tries, Adoptionism was successfully denounced at the end of the 8th century. Patripassianism: The Patripassians believe that God manifested himself as a Man through Christ his son, and that they are truly the same divine being. The word Patripassian comes from the Latin words, patris, â€Å"Father†, and passus, †Å"to suffer.†Nestorianism: Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, preached that Christ had two separate natures, human and divine, which acted together in an individual but were never actually united. He also refused to acknowledge Mary as the Mother of God because Christ was born as a man. This was denounced and Nestorius exiled from the empire. Apollinarianism: Apollinarius, a bishop of Laodicea, taught that Christ was of a human nature whose body was inhabited by a divine soul. The divine nature actually took over the earthly mind and in this way, Christ became a glorified model of humanity. Although several councils condemned this doctrine, it survived until the 5th century. Monophysitism: The general belief of this doctrine is that Christ had only a divine nature. There are four basic methods that this was taught: the divine nature overtook the human nature; the divine nature was overshadowed by the humanity of Christ; an exclusive nature was formed by the combination of the human and divine natures; or there is a balance between the two that cannot be questioned. .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44 , .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44 .postImageUrl , .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44 , .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44:hover , .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44:visited , .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44:active { border:0!important; } .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44:active , .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44 .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u649cdae6b2f57afcd0b0b2ceff131f44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Broken Wing EssayGnosticism: Generally, this held that spirit is good, matter (including humanity) is bad, and salvation can only be achieved as spirit is separated from matter by means of a higher knowledge. Christ came from God as an inferior being but could not have had an earthly body because it would have been evil. There are two variations here: that Christ only appeared to have a body, or that Christ took over the body of a man who had died. Marcionism: Marcion, son of the bishop of Sinope, disputed traditional Jewish teachings.